Invicta Lupah

Time

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Invicta Lupah is used to tell you what the time is. Time is a part of the measuring system that is used sequence events and to compare the durations of events as well as the intervals between those events. It is also used to quantify the motions of certain objects. There are 2 distinct viewpoints on time amongst prominent philosophers. One of the views is that time is a part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a dimension where events take place in sequence. If this is the case then it is possible to be able to time travel as times persist like frames of a film strip and are spread out across the time line. One well known person called Sir Isaac Newton followed this realist viewpoint and the viewpoint is sometimes called the Newtonian Time. The other view is that time is not an event or even a thing and can not be measured or travelled. It is just a part of a fundamental intellectual structure within which humans sequence and compare events. The well know Gottfried Leibniz and Immanuel Kant were great advocators of this view.

Temporal measurement

This temporal measurement can be known as chronometry and takes in 2 distinct period forms. These 2 forms are the calendar and the clock. The calendar is used for calculating extensive periods of time whilst the clock is used to calculate on going periods of time. So basically the clock is used for periods that are less than a day whereas the calendar is used for periods that are more than a time of passing time.

The Palaeolithic hints that the moon was used in the calculation of time. Kunar calendars however were the first calendars to appear with every year having 12 lunar months. But the problems with these were that there were no calculations that added days or months to some years to make up any shortfalls so seasons quickly drift in a calendar based solely on 12 lunar months. But Lunisolar calendars had a 13th month added to some years to make up the difference between a full year and a year of just 12 lunar months. So because of this the numbers 12 and 13 featured prominently in loads of cultures due to the relationship between months and years.

It was Julius Caesar in 45 BC who gave the Roman world the solar calendar. But this calendar too had shortfalls and faults. It lost about 11 minutes every year because of the solstices and equinoxes advancing. There was a correction to this solar calendar by Pope Gregory X111 in 1582. It became known as the Gregorian calendar and was slow to be adopted by nations over the ensuing centuries but today it is the most common calendar used around the world.

Horology is the term applied to the study of devices that have been invented to measure time. And there have been a great number of these inventions culminating in today’s version of the watch and clock such as the Invcita Lupah. One of the first devices was an Egyptian one which looked like a bent T square. It measured the passage of time using the shadow that was cast by the crossbar on a non linear rule. To operate it the T was faced to the East in the mornings and at noon time it was turned around so that the shadow was cast in the evening direction.

In the Ancient world the  most accurate time keepers were the water clocks and for history matters and records one was actually discovered in the tomb of the pharaoh Amniotes (1525-1504 BC). These examples were also able to keep time during the night when the sun had gone down but of course had to be up kept to ensure the flow of water. It was the Greeks and Chaldeans who always kept timekeeping records for their astronomical observations and monitoring of the planets. In the Arabian world inventors and engineers worked greatly on developing the water clock and made many improvements upon it in the Middle Ages. But it was the Chinese inventors and engineers in the 11th century who actually invented the first mechanical clock to be driven by an escapement mechanism.

The hourglass is another device for timekeeping. With this device the flow of sand from top to bottom through a thin funnel is used to measure time. They were widely used in navigation and the explorer Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumference of the globe in 1522. Also used for time keeping were candles and incense sticks. They were most popular in temples and churches throughout the whole world. Water clocks, and later when they were invented, mechanical clocks were used to mark events of the abbeys and monasteries of the Middle Ages. In 1330 the Abbot of St Albans Abbey at the time was Richard of Wallingford and he built a mechanical clock as an astronomical orrery. The continual development of time keeping never ceased and great advances in the accuracy of timekeeping were made by both Galileo Galilei and Christiaan Huygens with their inventions of pendulum driven clocks.

Today the most accurate devices for timekeeping are those of the atomic clocks. These are accurate to seconds over millions of years. Because of their accuracy other clocks and timekeeping instruments are calibrated by them. The atomic clocks work by spinning the property of atoms as their basis. In 1967 and from that year onwards the International System of Measurements has based it’s unit of time, the second, on the properties of caesium atoms.

And of course today we have the Global Positioning System (GPS) which coordinates with the Network Time Protocol to give us a synchronized timekeeping system across the whole of the globe. So there you have a summarised history of timekeeping devices and a couple of theories on time. Combined with the history of the watch that was looked into earlier on this web site you now have a full background to the development and emergence of the modern day Invicta Lupah.